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The trifunctional hypothesis of prehistoric Proto-Indo-European society postulates a tripartite ideology ("''idéologie tripartite''") reflected in the existence of three classes or castes—priests, warriors, and commoners (farmers or tradesmen)—corresponding to the three functions of the sacral, the martial and the economic, respectively. The trifunctional thesis is primarily associated with the French mythographer Georges Dumézil〔According to Jean Boissel, the first description of Indo-European trifunctionalism was by Gobineau, not by Dumézil. (Lincoln, 1999, p. 268, cited below).〕 who proposed it in 1929 in the book ''Flamen-Brahman'',〔 and later in ''Mitra-Varuna''.〔 ==Three-way division== According to Dumézil, Proto-Indo-European society comprised three main groups corresponding to three distinct functions: # the function of sovereignty # the military function # the function of productivity Sovereignty fell into two distinct and complementary sub-parts, one formal, juridical and priestly but worldly, the other powerful, unpredictable, and also priestly but rooted in the supernatural world. The second main social division was connected with force, the military and war while the role of the third, ruled by the other two, was productivity, herding, farming and crafts.〔Dumézil, G. (1929). ''Flamen-Brahman''.〕〔Dumézil, G. (1940). ''Mitra-Varuna'', Presses universitaires de France. 〕 Proto-Indo-European mythology was divided in the same way: each social group had its own god or family of gods to represent it and the function of the god or gods matched the function of the group. Many such divisions occur in history. * One example is the supposed division between the king, nobility and regular freemen in early Germanic society〔 Dumézil, Georges. (1958). The Rígsþula and Indo-European Social Structure. ''Gods of the Ancient Northmen''. Ed. Einar Haugen, trans. John Lindow (1973). Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-03507-0.〕 * The three Hindu castes, the Brahmans or priests, the Kshatriya—the warriors and military—and the Vaishya—the agriculturalists, cattle rearers and traders—are associated with three philosophical qualities (''gunas''), Sattva, Rajas, and Tamas respectively. The castes are socio-economic roles filled by members of society.〔 () 〕 The Shudra, a fourth Indian caste, is an "outer" or serf caste serving the other three. A 2001 study found that the genetic affinity of Indians to Europeans is proportionate to caste rank, the upper castes being most similar to Europeans whereas lower castes are more like Asians. The researchers believe that the Indo-European speakers entered India from the Northwest, mixing with or displacing proto-Dravidian speakers, and may have established a caste system with themselves primarily in higher castes.〔 〕 *The three divisions of the ideal society described by Socrates in Plato's ''The Republic''. * Terje Leiren discerns a grouping of three Norse gods that corresponds to the trifunctional division; Odin as the patron of priests and magicians, Thor of warriors, and Freyr of fertility and farming.〔Leiren, Terje I. (1999). ''From Pagan to Christian: The Story in the 12th-Century Tapestry of the Skog Church''. Published online: http://faculty.washington.edu/leiren/vikings2.html 〕 * Bernard Sergent associates the Indo-European language family with certain archaeological cultures in Southern Russia and reconstructs an Indo-European religion based upon the tripartite functions.〔Bernard Sergent, ''Les Indo-Européens - Histoire, langues, mythes'', Payot, 1995 ISBN 2-228-88956-3 〕 He has also examined the trifunctional hypothesis in Greek epic, lyric and dramatic poetry.〔In the monograph ''Les trois fonctions indo-européennes en Grèce ancienne'' Vol. 1, ''De Mycènes aux Tragique'', Économica 1998 ISBN 2-7178-3587-3〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Trifunctional hypothesis」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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